Okulonda Frequency Entuufu ku RFID Keyfobs

Okulonda Frequency Entuufu ku RFID Keyfobs

 

March 2024, ekibinja ky’abanoonyereza ku by’okwerinda baakuba bbomu ku mulimu gwa wooteeri. Lennert Wouters okuva mu KU Leuven ne Ian Carroll baafulumya kye baayita Unsaflok-olujegere lw’obuzibu mu bizibiti bya Dormakaba Saflok ebibasobozesa okuggulawo oluggi lwonna mu wooteeri nga balina keycards bbiri ezijingirire. Ebizimbe ebisukka mu bukadde 3. 131 amawanga. 13,000.

 

Omusamba w’ebikonde? Ebizibiti ebyo byali bitundibwa okuva mu 1988.

 

WIRED yagibikka. Bwe kityo bwe kyali ne BleepingComputer, The Hacker News, ne SecurityWeek. Dormakaba yagenda mu maaso n’okukola ‘patch systems’, kyokka we zaafulumizibwa mu March 2024, ebitundu 36% byokka ku bizibiti ebyakoseddwa bye byali bitereezeddwa. Abasigadde bakyali bweru.

 

Kiki ekyasobozesa obulumbaganyi obwo? Ebizibiti byakozesanga chips za MIFARE Classic ezikozesa ensirifu ya Crypto-1-enkola abakugu mu by'okukuuma eby'okusiba gye baali balabula okumala emyaka egisukka mu kkumi. Abanoonyereza baagikutuddemu n’ekyuma ekiyitibwa Flipper Zero. Ebisale by’ebikozesebwa: ebikumi bitono ebya ddoola.

 

Kino kye kitegeeza mu butuufu okulonda frequency ku kufuga okuyingira.

 

 

Embeera ya 125 kHz

 

Wano we wali ekitundu ekitali kinyuma.

 

Low-frequency RFID ku 125 kHz ye tekinologiya asinga obukadde akyali mu kukozesebwa ennyo. EM4100, TK4100, HID ProxCard-amannya agalabika ku mpapula za spec buli wamu okuva ku bizimbe by’amayumba okutuuka ku campus z’ebitongole.

 

Chips zino zikola ekintu kimu: ziweereza ennamba etakyukakyuka nga zisemberera omusomi. Tewali kukwatagana mu ngalo. Tewali kusoomoozebwa-kuddamu. Tewali nsirifu n’akatono.

 

Kkampuni ya ICT ekola ku by’okuyingira mu New Zealand, yateekawo okwolesebwa mu 2023 nga kalaga ttiimu yaabwe ng’ekola clone ya kaadi ya 125 kHz mu sikonda ttaano ng’ekozesa ekyuma kya doola 30. Kisi, omutunzi omulala ow’ebyokwerinda, yafulumizza ebiwandiiko ebiraga nti Flipper Zero esobola okukoppa ebiwandiiko ebikakasa ng’eyita mu waleti n’ensawo mu sikonda emu. TikTok ejjudde obutambi. Kino si kya ndowooza.

 

Kale lwaki omuntu yenna akyassaawo 125 kHz? Okusinga ebikozesebwa eby’edda. Ekizimbe ekirimu abasomi 500 n’ebiwandiiko 10,000 tekisobola kuyuza buli kimu mu kiro kimu. Era ssente-emiwendo egy'amaanyi ku EM4100 keyfobs esobola okukuba $0.15 buli yuniti oba wansi. Ku jjiimu oba ekifo eky'okuterekamu ebintu ng'ekyokulabirako ky'okutiisatiisa kiri nti "omuntu ayinza okwekweka," okubala okwo kuyinza okukola amakulu.

 

Ku kintu kyonna ekirina ebyetaago by’obukuumi ebya nnamaddala, tekikola.

 

13.56 MHz si bukuumi bwa otomatiki

 

Ekyabaddewo mu Unsaflok kiraga ddala lwaki "upgrade to high frequency" si kya kuddamu kijjuvu.

 

MIFARE Classic ekola ku 13.56 MHz wansi wa ISO 14443. Eriko ensirifu. Kirina okukakasa. Era yafuna enjatika anyway, kubanga Crypto-1 yali proprietary era nga nnafu. Abanoonyereza abaamenya ebizibiti bya Dormakaba tebaazudde buzibu bupya-baakozesezza akamu ab’ebyokwerinda bwe baali bamanyi okuva mu 2008.

Omusono wano: 13.56 MHz gukuwa infrastructure okukola encryption obulungi, naye chip eri munda ekwata nnyo okusinga frequency ewandiikiddwa ku label.

 

MIFARE DESFire ne AES-128 esigala nga nnungi ku bulumbaganyi obumanyiddwa. NTAG series chips okusobola okukozesebwa mu ngeri ennyangu. Bino bikutte waggulu. MIFARE Classic tefunye...

 

 

Soma ebanga n’okuyingirira

 

Abantu oluusi babuuza oba ebisumuluzo bya 13.56 MHz bikola nga biyita mu ngoye mu ngeri y’emu nga 125 kHz bw’ekola.

 

Eky’okuddamu ekimpi: yee. Frequency zombi zikozesa inductive coupling ku mabanga aga bulijjo agafuga okuyingira. Range etuula ku 1-10 cm ku nsonga ezisinga obungi eza keyfob form factors. Ebintu eby’ekyuma ebiriraanye-amasimu, ebisumuluzo, obusiba bw’omusipi-bisobola okulongoosa antenna ne byetaaga ttaapu eyookubiri. Tewali kintu kya katemba.

 

UHF ku 860-960 MHz ye physics ya njawulo. Okusaasaana kw’amasannyalaze okudda emabega mu kifo ky’okuyungibwa okw’okuyingiza (inductive coupling). Soma ebanga lya mita eziwerako. Omugaso ku miryango gya paakingi oba yinvensulo ya sitoowa, obuzibu ku kuyingira ku mulyango gy’oyagala ekiwandiiko ekikakasibwa ng’omukozesa akigenderedde.

 

Engabanya ya frequency mu bitundu nayo eyawulamu bbandi za UHF mu ngeri ey’enjawulo wakati wa North America ne Bulaaya, ekizibuwalira okuteekebwa mu nkola mu nsi yonna.

 

Okusenguka awatali kavuyo

 

Dual-frequency keyfobs ziriwo naddala ku nkyukakyuka za phased. Ennyumba emu erimu chips zombi eza 125 kHz ne 13.56 MHz. Abasomi ba Legacy balaba ekimu, abasomi abalongooseddwa balaba ekirala. Ebiwandiiko bisigala n’abakozesa mu kiseera kyonna eky’okuwanyisiganya.

 

Ekiziyiza ye dizayini ya antenna. Chips zombi zeetaaga okusoma mu ngeri eyesigika awatali kutaataaganyizibwa. Si buli kkolero lya keyfob nti lifuna kino ekituufu. Kakasa omulimu nga tonnaba kwewaayo ku biragiro bya voliyumu.

 

Ekibuuzo ekituufu

 

Okulonda emirundi (frequency selection) kikiikirira okusalawo okw’enjawulo: ofaayo ki singa omuntu akoppa ekiwandiiko ekikakasa?

 

• 125 kHz terina buziyiza. Omuntu yenna alina doola 30 n’eddakiika kkumi ku YouTube asobola okukola clone ya keyfob.
• 13.56 MHz ne MIFARE Classic yalabika ng’erina obukuumi naye si bwe yali. Wooteeri zikyakola ku nsonga eno.
• 13.56 MHz ne DESFire oba ekyenkanankana nayo ekwata waggulu-kati.

- Abanoonyereza ba Unsaflok

 

Emyaka amakumi asatu-mukaaga egy'ebizibiti ebitali binywevu. Oyo ye nsaasaanya y’okufuna frequency ne chip selection mu bukyamu.