Clone RFID Sticker kye ki era ekola etya mu nkola z’ebyokwerinda ez’omulembe?

Duplicator ekuba enduulu era screen n’egambawandiika nga ofunye obuwanguzi. Sitiika egenda emabega w’essimu. Ku mulyango, omusomi talina ky’akola: tewali bip, tewali LED, tewali log entry. Kasitoma ayimiridde awo n’ekintu ekyagezesebwa fine eddakiika kkumi eziyise.

 

Eno ye tikiti y’obuyambi esinga okutufuna okuva mu baguzi abaddamu okutunda ebikoppi, era kumpi mu buli mbeera ekyuma ekikoppa kyakola ekyo kyennyini kye kyali kiteekeddwa okukola. Kale ekibuuzo eky’omugaso ku sitiika ya clone RFID si oba okuwandiika kwakola. Kye kirala ekyalina okuba ekituufu okuwandiika okwo okuwona olugendo okuva ku katebe okutuuka ku mulyango.

 

 

 

 

Ekigamboclone ya cloneakweka nti waliwo amakubo abiri ag’ekikugu agatali gakwatagana wansi waakyo, era okugatabulatabula we wasookera okunoonya ensibuko.

 

Ebiwandiiko bya low-frequency 125 kHz, ekitegeeza famire ya EM4100/TK4100 eya bulijjo mu kufuga okuyingira okw'edda, bikoppololwa nga biwandiika ID empya mu chip ya T5577 oba EM4305 esobole okwanjula endagamuntu y'olubereberye. Ebiwandiiko bya high-frequency 13.56 MHz ebyesigamiziddwa ku MIFARE Classic bikola mu ngeri ya njawulo. Ekimanyisa eky'enjawulo kibeera mu bulooka 0, nga ku chip eya bulijjo esomebwa-yokka, kale sitiika ya RFID ekyusibwamu eya UID yeetaagibwa nga okuddiŋŋana tekunnasoboka n'akatono. Ekiragiro kiteeka amaka gano gombi okuddamu ku biwandiikibwa mu bujjuvu ekibiina ky'okunoonyereza eky'ensibuko enzigule-ekikuuma ebikozesebwa bya Proxmark (RfidEkibiina ky'Okunoonyereza), era ensengekera y’empewo ya HF yennyini etegeezeddwa mu ISO/IEC 14443.

 

Ku muguzi enkyusa nnyimpi: emirundi girina okukwatagana n’omusomi nga ekibuuzo ekirala kyonna tekinnaba kuba kikulu.

 

Sentensi eyo ntuufu era era abantu abasinga we bakoma, y’ensonga lwaki batch nnyingi zikyalemererwa oluvannyuma lwa frequency okukebera. Okukwataganya frequency kyokka kiyingiza sitiika mu mboozi. Oba omusomi akkirizza by’awulira ekiddako kisinziira ku ngeri chip gy’eddamu, era eyo ye ffilta ey’enjawulo, essibwako hardware gy’otofuga. Singa enkola egenderere ekola ku 13.56 MHz, ebibuuzo bya UID-format n'enneeyisa y'omusomi-bisaana okukolebwako ku bwabyo nga sampuli yonna tennasalibwako (MIFARE-ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku nsibuko y'ekibiina).

 

 

Wano waliwo enkyukakyuka esalawo oba cloneable RFID sticker order etambula mu kasirise oba okufuuka ennyiriri z'obuyambi ez'olubeerera, era tetera kulabika ku spec sheet n'akatono: "magic" generation of the HF chip.

Chips za Gen1a zeetaaga ekiragiro eky'enjawulo eky'okuzuukuka-up mu mulyango nga block 0 tennaddamu kuwandiikibwa. Chips za Gen2 ziwandiika butereevu-era zikkiriza ekiragiro ky'okuwandiika ekya bulijjo nga tekirina mutendera gwa njawulo. Omulundi gumu-kibiina z'okuwandiika nga FUID zikomye okuddamu ekiragiro ky'omulyango ogw'emabega oluvannyuma lw'okulongoosa okusooka okuziyiza 0, okusiba kkopi enkalakkalira. Sindika kasitoma ebitundu 5,000 nga 3,000 bya Gen1a ate 2,000 bya Gen2, era singa siteegi yaabwe ekola pulogulaamu efulumya omutendera gw’omulyango ogw’emabega gwokka, ekitundu kya Gen2 kiba scrap nga kituuse: si kifu, just unprogrammable n’ebyuma bye balina. Ekyo kwe kuwandiika-figure etaano-okuva ku layini ku order y'okugula nga tewali muntu yenna yajjuzaamu.

 

Ekibiina kya chip	Block 0 enkola y'okuwandiika	Re-okuwandiikibwa oluvannyuma lw'okukoppa okusooka	Typical omuguzi fit
Gen1a obulogo	Ekiragiro ky'okuzuukuka-mu mulyango ogw'emabega	Yee, enfunda n’enfunda	Abaddukanya emirimu n'ebikozesebwa mu kibiina kya Proxmark-
Gen2 obulogo	Okuwandiika obutereevu, ekiragiro kya mutindo	Yee, enfunda n’enfunda	Ebibinja by'ebikozesebwa ebitabuddwa, enkola z'emirimu ezesigamiziddwa ku Android-
FUID / omulundi gumu-	Backdoor, okusooka okulongoosa kwokka	Nedda, kkufulu oluvannyuma lw'okusooka okuwandiika	Empeereza ezirina okulemesa okuddamu-okukoppa wansi

 

Waliwo enkola eyokubiri, egenda mpola ey’okulemererwa esaanira okumanya. Chips z'amagezi ezaasooka zaali zirina ekikyamu mu ngeri gye zakwatamu okuyimirira kw'ennimiro okumpi munda mu kiseera kya ISO 14443-2 bit. Kaadi entuufu yandiyimiridde kaadi z’amagezi ezimu we zandibadde zigenda mu maaso, era oluvannyuma abasomi ne balongoosebwamu ebisengejja ebikuba engalo ku nneeyisa eyo yennyini, ekyatuuka n’okusika chips ezo okuva mu kukola. Ku mutunzi ekivaamu kituuka kikeerezi: ekibinja kya sitiika za RFID eziyinza okukolebwako clone ekiyita buli kugezesebwa leero kiyinza okugaanibwa mu kasirise omusomi alongooseddwa firmware oluvannyuma lw’emyezi kkumi na munaana, nga wayiseewo ebbanga ddene nga invoice emaze okulongoosebwa.

 

Tewali mugabi ayinza kusuubiza nneeyisa ya firmware y’omukozi w’omusomi mu biseera eby’omu maaso, era omuntu yenna akikola aba atebereza. Kye musobola okukola kya ndagaano okusinga kya tekinologiya, era kituuka ku bintu bina. Teekateeka ennamba y'ekitundu kya chip entuufu mu PO mu kifo ky'okukkiriza "MIFARE-compatible". Yeetaaga ennamba za looti ezikubiddwa oba eziwandiikiddwa buli bbaasa, kale ekibinja ekizibu kiyinza okwawulwa mu kifo ky’okujjukira omwaka mulamba ogw’ebifulumizibwa. Sigala sampuli ezissiddwako ssimu okuva mu buli looti ku njuyi zombi. Era mukkiriziganye nga bukyali ani addamu-okugezesa n'ani anywa omuwendo singa firmware y'omusomi wa kasitoma ekyuka wakati-endagaano. Tewali n’ekimu ku ebyo kya njawulo. Enkola ya mutindo mu kugaba ebitundu byonna ebifugibwa, era kye kyawula ekintu ekiyinza okulondoolebwa okuva ku nsonga. Famire za chip eziri emabega w’okusalawo kuno ze zimu ffezimba okukoppa-grade fobs ne sitiika okwetoloola, y’ensonga lwaki ennamba y’ekitundu ebeera ku order okusinga mu mboozi y’okutunda.

 

Omutego omutono gutuula munda mu ddaala ly’okuwandiika lyenyini. Byte egoberera UID ye BCC checksum, XOR ya bytes ennya eza UID, era okuwandiika omuwendo ogutali mutuufu soft-bricks the chip. Ku layini ya voliyumu eya waggulu-ekka butereevu mu muwendo gw’ebisasiro, nga eno y’ensonga endala emu lwaki obutakyukakyuka bwa batch kibuuzo kya kukola okusinga ensonga ya mukisa.

 

 

Omuze gw’amakolero gugamba nti sitiika ye sitiika era enkyukakyuka zokka ze diameter ne adhesive. Okulemererwa okusinga okubuzaabuza mu kiti ky’ebintu kino kugamba bulala. Sekula sitiika ekola ku bbokisi, ogiteeke emabega w’essimu oba ku pulati y’oluggi ey’ekyuma, era range n’egwa oba n’ebula. Chip eri bulungi. Fizikisi yakyuka.

 

 

Ekitereeza ye ferrite isolation layer wakati wa sitiika n’ekyuma, ezzaawo ebanga erikozesebwa nga ekuuma flux nga teri ku conductive surface. Naye anti metal RFID sticker access control deployment ekyalina okusalawo okusinga checkbox, era ensalo eri roughly eno. Singa ebanga ly’okusoma ekigendererwa liba ttono, ekitegeeza nti ekisoma ku bbugwe omukozesa ky’akuba butereevu, okuddamu okuteeka mu kifo kyokka kitera okuddamu okukola ebanga erimala nga tewali ferrite yonna n’akatono. Singa sitiika erina okukola okubuna modulo ya bbaatule enzijuvu oba pulati y’oluggi ey’ekyuma, ferrite si ya kwesalirawo era obuwanvu bwe bukulu. Abagaba ebitundu nga Laird bafulumya obuwanvu bw’empapula eza bulijjo obwa mm 0.05, 0.1 ne 0.2 ku kiraasi eno ey’okukozesa, nga mm 0.3 zisangibwa ku kusaba, era enkomerero ennyimpi ey’olunyiriri olwo etera okukola wansi-ku 125 kHz awali obuzito bw’amazzi obukulu. Air gap yokka y’esinga obubi mu nsi zombi: eyongera bulk edda nga tennayongera range.

 

Eno y’ensonga lwaki ekiweebwayo wano kiba kipimo okusinga okwewozaako. Ebibalo bya sentimita entuufu bitambula bubi wakati wa pulojekiti, kubanga mu nkola ey’okuyungibwa mu ngeri ey’okuyingiza (inductively coupled system) silingi eteekebwawo omusomi: etteeka ery’omugaso eri nti ebanga erisinga obunene lituuka ku ttaka ku mirundi nga gumu oba ebiri ku dayamita ya antenna y’omusomi. Ekikola okutambula gwe mugerageranyo. Omulongooti wansi ye nvulopu y'okukkiriza gye tukolera ku kuzimba sitiika, eraga okusinziira ku buli batch's own bare-surface baseline:

 

Embeera y’okussaako	Okuzimba	Ebisuubirwa okuvaamu vs baseline	Ensala
Bare non-ekyuma kungulu	Sitiika ya mm 0.9 eya mutindo	100% okusinziira ku ntegeeza. Ku sitiika y’ensimbi ya mm 25–30 ku kisomi kya bbugwe ekya bulijjo kino kituula ku nkomerero eya wansi eya bbandi ya sentimita 1–10 efulumiziddwa	Ekiwandiiko ekijuliziddwa ku batch
Ekyuma ekipande, okukwatagana obutereevu	Sitiika ya mm 0.9 eya mutindo	Kumpi ziro, ebiseera ebisinga tewali kusoma n’akatono	Tojuliza okuzimba kuno
Ekyuma ekipande	Sitiika + 0.2–0.3 mm ferrite	60–80%	Kkiriza ku Kisinga oba ekyenkana 60% .
Essimu emabega, ku bbaatule	Sitiika ya mm 0.9 eya mutindo	Kumpi ne ziro	Tojuliza okuzimba kuno
Essimu emabega, ku bbali, okuva ku coil ya chajingi	Sitiika + 0.2–0.3 mm ferrite	40–70%, byawukana okusinziira ku ssimu	Kkiriza ku Greater than oba equal to 50% mu bika by’essimu bisatu

 

Kino kidduke omulundi gumu ku musomi wo era owandiike model ne antenna diameter ku mabbali g’ennamba. Olupapula olwo olumu luddamu ebisinga ku kasitoma by’anaabuuza mu mwezi ogusooka ogw’okutandika. Era singa ekiziyiza ky'okussa essimu-kizuuka nga si kyetaagisa, ennyumba ya keyfob ebbalira ekizibu kyonna, ekisaanira okupimibwa nga tonnaba kwewaayo ku nsonga ya ffoomu ya sitiika n'akatono (okulonda fob ku pulojekiti z’okufuga okuyingira).

 

 

 

Waliwo enkovu enzibu eri omutendera guno, era okubeera omugolokofu ku nsonga eno kitundu ku kubeera omugabi eyesigika. Ebiwandiiko ebikusike nga DESFire EV3, SEOS, n’emilembe gya MIFARE egy’omulembe bikoleddwa yinginiya mu ngeri ey’enjawulo okuziyiza okuddiŋŋana, era abasomi bangi abaliwo kati bagaana kkopi butereevu. Enkola zokka ez’edda, ezitali za nsirifu ze zikoppololwa mu nkola. Akatale akagazi katambula mu ngeri eyo mu bugenderevu: abasomi b'okufuga okuyingira-bakyuka okuva ku kaadi z'okumpi ezikozesa emirundi emitono, ezikoppololwa mu ngeri ennyangu okudda ku biwandiiko ebigezi ebikusike n'okukakasa ensonga eziwera-ku mulyango (360iOkunoonyereza). Sitika ya RFID ekoppiddwa okufuga okuyingira erina omusingi ogukendeera oguyinza okuweebwa endagiriro, era okwefuula ekirala tekirina muguzi kirungi kyonna.

 

"Ekwatagana" nayo si kigambo kimu kya "ddoboozi". Abanoonyereza bwe beetegereza FM11RF08S, chip etundibwa ennyo nga MIFARE Classic-compatible replacement, bazudde hardware backdoor etuukirirwa okuyita mu card-only attack, esobola okulaga ebisumuluzo omukozesa-defined (Quarkslab, ng’oyita ku mukutu gwa CyberInsider).

 

Kale ekyo omuguzi yandikoze ki? Ebintu bisatu, byonna bikakasibwa okuva ku ludda lwo olw’emmeeza. Saba ennamba y'ekitundu kya chip n'omutunzi wa die mu linnya okusinga famire, kubanga "MIFARE-compatible 1K" enyonyola chips daziini ezirina ebyafaayo by'obukuumi eby'enjawulo. Buuza oba omugabi akola bonding ya chips ze oba agula inlays eziwedde, kubanga ekkolero eriddukanya chip-bonding line yaayo lifuna IC lots butereevu era esobola okukubuulira batch gye yava, ate nga ennyumba y’obusuubuzi okuddamu okutunda inlays etera obutasobola. Era buuza kiki ekibaawo nga omutunzi wa die akoseddwa mu lujjudde wakati-endagaano: ani alina ebisaanyizo by'okukyusibwa, era ku nteekateeka ye. Omugabi abadde alowoozezza ku ekyo ajja kuddamu mu sentensi. Oyo atalina ajja kukyusa ensonga ku bbeeyi. Ensonga y’emu efuga engeri obukuumi bw’ebiwandiiko gye bufuna okulambikibwa mu pulojekiti z’okusembeza abagenyi, nga...ebiteberezebwa by’ebyokwerinda emabega wa kaadi z’ebisumuluzo bya wooteeribatera okubalirirwa ennyo okusinga mu mirimu gy’amayumba.

 

 

Oba kkopi eri...kya mateekakumpi tekirina kakwate na oba bwe kirimu by’ekikugu kisoboka. Ebiwandiiko ebikakasa okuyingira bitera okutwalibwa ng’ebintu ebifugibwa okusinga ebintu eby’obuntu, era embeera eyo erabika mu liizi z’emizigo, amateeka agafuga kondomu, n’enkola za HOA. Ekkubo erikkirizibwa okutuuka ku bbaluwa ey’enjawulo litera okuba enkola y’ekizimbe kyennyini ey’okufulumya, nga kkopi empya ewandiisibwa ate enkadde n’esobola okusazibwamu n’okubalirirwa (Nimbio). Okusalawo okukoppa ekisumuluzo ku sitiika ya clone RFID ebweru w’enkola eyo kigonjoola obuzibu era kireeta ekituli mu kubala ebitabo, kubanga abaddukanya bayinza obutamanya nti ekiwandiiko eky’enjawulo kiriwo.

 

Tuwa bizinensi ezikola munda mu fuleemu eyo ekkirizibwa: abakuumi b’ebizibiti, empeereza z’okukoppa ebiwandiiko-, abagatta enkola, n’abaddukanya ebintu nga baddamu okufulumya ebiwandiiko ebikakasa eri abapangisa baabwe bennyini. Tetuwaayo kintu kyonna ekitegekeddwa okumegga enkola y’ebyokwerinda, n’okugamba nti mu lwatu kibeera kifaananyi okusinga okwegaana.

 

Era kibaawo okunnyonnyola bakasitoma baffe abasinga obulungi. Abaguzi abamanyi edda ebiwandiiko ebikkirizibwa okuddamu okufulumya, era abasobola okubiwandiika, be babuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku nsibuko mu kitundu ekiddako, kubanga akabi ke balina si kukwatibwa mu mateeka. Ye batch etakola bulungi.

 

 

Ebizibu ebisinga obungi eby'okunoonya ensibuko mu kiti kino biziyizibwa ku mutendera gw'okugula-okulagira. Ebintu mukaaga byetaaga pinning wansi nti generic listings zireka floating, era omugabi yenna ow’amaanyi OEM cloneable RFID sticker supplier alina okuddamu byonna omukaaga awatali hedging: chip part number entuufu n’ensibuko yaayo die; omulembe gw’obulogo, ogwayogerwako mu bulambulukufu nga omulundi gumu-mu-okuwandiika okusinziira ku kuddamu okuwandiika; diameter neokugattaobuwanvu omuli n’oluwuzi lwonna olwa ferrite; adhesive grade ne substrate gye kipimibwa; ebintu ebigezesebwa ebifuluma, ekitegeeza emirundi, ebanga ly’okusoma n’obulungi bwa data, n’omuwendo gw’okubikka; n’okulondoola looti.

 

Olukalala lwe kitundu eky’angu. Ekitundu ekikuuma ddala cloneable RFID sticker wholesale order kwe kumanya eky’okuddamu ekinafu kye kitegeeza n’eky’okukikola.

 

Singa omugabi awaayo chipamakamu kifo ky’ennamba y’ekitundu, ekyo kitera okutegeeza nti bagula inlays eziwedde era tebafuga die. Workable for low-risk volume, naye mulekere awo okubabuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kukwatagana bye batasobola kuddamu, era embalirira y'okukebera kwo okuyingira. Bwe baba tebasobola kwogera mulembe gwa magic, kitwale nti batch etabuddwa era oba bagigaana oba ebbeeyi mu mutendera gw’okusunsula. Singa okukebera okufuluma kwogerwako nga "okutwala sampuli" awatali muwendo, saba omuwendo ne AQL; supplier agezesa 100% ajja kugamba mangu, kubanga kibamalako ssente era baagala credit for it. Bwe baba tebasobola kuwa nnamba za looti, ​​tolina ngeri gy’oyinza okwawula batch embi oluvannyuma, nga kino kye kintu ekimu ekisinga ebbeeyi ku lukalala luno okuzuula oluvannyuma lw’ensonga. Era singa obuwanvu obujuliziddwa buggyako layeri ya ferrite, ddamu-pima sampuli ggwe kennyini, kubanga obutakwatagana obwo bwe bufuula pulojekiti y’okussa essimu-okudda.

 

Ku ludda lwaffe ebibuuzo ebyo birina eby’okuddamu ebituufu kubanga enkola efugibwa enkomerero okutuuka ku nkomerero: ekikomo-waya antenna winding ekwatibwa ku roughly ±0.1 mm, mu{2}}house chip bonding ku busobozi bwa buli lunaku mu bikumi n’ebikumi, ne 100% outgoing inspection okusinga sampling. Oyo ±0.1 mm ye frequency spec mu kwefuula. Coil geometry eteeka inductance, inductance eteeka tag w’ewuuma, ate resonant point etaayaaya unit to unit kitegeeza nti ebitundu ebimu mu batch bituula okumpi n’empenda y’eddirisa ly’okugumiikiriza ly’omusomi okusinga ebirala. Ebyo bye bitundu ebisoma mu biseera ebitali bimu ku mulyango ate ng’omugugu ogusigaddewo gweyisa, era nabyo bye bivaakookukakasa sampuli okusinziira ku musomi ekigendererwa nga tonnaba kwewaayo ku voliyumukigwana wiiki bbiri ze kigula. Singa pulojekiti yo yeetaaga ffoomu, obuwanvu, oba okuzimba ferrite okutali mu katalogu ya mutindo, ekyo kiri atooling ne process ekibuuzo tukwata mu-houseokusinga okukola dduyiro w’okunoonya ensibuko.

 

 

Emu ku nkolagana yaffe esinga obuwanvu eri ne kkampuni ya Bufalansa eri waggulu ku katale k’okuzimba-okutuuka ku-okuddiŋŋana ebiwandiiko. Mu myaka etaano batuggyeko copy fobs nga 500,000 omwaka, era okusalawo okwakifuula okukola si kwa bbeeyi.

 

Baalambika chip ya FUID ey'okuwandiika omulundi gumu-mu kifo kya chip y'amagezi eddaamu okuwandiika etaliiko nkomerero. Ensonga yali ya bya busuubuzi. Ekiwandiiko bwe kimala okuva ku counter yaabwe, baali baagala kibeere nga tekisoboka kasitoma enkomerero, oba omuntu yenna ali wansi w’omugga, okuddamu okukiwandiika mu kintu ekirala n’afuna ekyo nga kidda ku kika kyabwe. Twasala n’ebikozesebwa ebipya kale fobs zaabwe zitambuza akabonero kaabwe, akaggalawo ekitundu ekirala eky’ekizibu kye kimu: amaduuka g’okukoppa nga gayisa amayumba aga generic ng’ekintu kyabwe. Nga wayise emyaka etaano ne yuniti nga obukadde 2.5, ekibuuzo ky'omulembe gwa chip- tekiddangamu ng'ensonga y'obuwagizi, kubanga kyaddibwamu omulundi gumu, mu buwandiike, nga oda esooka tennateekebwa.

 

Eyo y’ensonga yonna ey’okutwala sitiika ya clone RFID nga specification okusinga okugitwala nga commodity. Bw’oba ​​oyagala okukola ng’oyita mu trade-offs ze zimu ku volume yo, nga zibikka ku kukola chip, obuwanvu, okuzimba ferrite n’okugezesa okubikka, bayinginiya baffe bajja kukikola ku sampuli entuufu eraspec sheet nga tonnaba kwewaayo ku tooling.